{"id":1461,"date":"2021-05-05T10:52:16","date_gmt":"2021-05-05T08:52:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/sticking-to-the-facts-building-trust-our-cure-for-disinformation"},"modified":"2021-05-05T10:52:16","modified_gmt":"2021-05-05T08:52:16","slug":"sticking-to-the-facts-building-trust-our-cure-for-disinformation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/sticking-to-the-facts-building-trust-our-cure-for-disinformation","title":{"rendered":"Sticking to the Facts, Building Trust: our Cure for Disinformation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">We have just celebrated World Press Freedom Day on Monday 3 May. The theme chosen by UNESCO this year was &#8220;information as a public good&#8221;. The vital and public interest role of access to quality information has been at the heart of Fondation Hirondelle&#8217;s work for over 25 years. It is this experience that we draw on today to explain our approach to responding to disinformation, a plague that undermines all societies around the world.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Fondation Hirondelle&#8217;s approach to disinformation centres <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<\/span>on the fundamental principles of <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<\/span>journalism and on the lessons learned from over 25 years of applying these principles in highly fragile contexts, where access to reliable information for the majority is not a given, and where rumours, hate speech and propaganda undermine peace building and development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Our response to disinformation is based on <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">two complementary axes: sticking to the facts and building trust.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-hyphenate: auto; background: #9FB4AA; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #9FB4AA 3.0pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; margin: 10.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;\">\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR-CH;\">STICKING TO THE FACTS<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">INDEPENDENCE:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Editorial independence<\/i><\/b> is essential for ensuring the fairest possible treatment of facts. Whether the owner of a media organisation is the state, a business-owner, or an association, it is important to guarantee the independence of the work of journalists. This independence must be asserted and protected by guidelines, codes, charters, and by the daily application of good practice to avoid interference between the management of the media and the editorial staff. <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Read, for example, <\/i><\/span><a href=\"pdfviewer\/?lang=fr&amp;id=437\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">the charter for radio stations in Mali<\/span><\/i><\/a><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><u><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><u><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[1]<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/u><\/i><\/span><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">, adopted in February 2021 in Bamako by the High Authority for Communication and the Union of Free Radios and Televisions of Mali, and inspired by Studio Tamani, Fondation Hirondelle&#8217;s radio programme in Mali.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">RELIABILITY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> The production of factual, reliable information depends on access to legitimate, verified <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">sources<\/i><\/b>. This access is often complicated or even prevented by governments, administrations or companies, especially regarding sensitive subjects, in conflict situations or under undemocratic regimes. Knowing how <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">to identify reliable sources<\/i><\/b> is all the more crucial for journalists in these situations. <\/span><a href=\"en\/masterclasses-the-basics\/1283-guillaume-daudin-the-handling-of-sources\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Watch our video &#8220;masterclass in journalism<\/span><\/i><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">&#8220;<\/span><\/i><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[2]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">, on the treatment of sources, with Guillaume Daudin, journalist at Agence France Presse.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">REACTIVITY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> Stories must be reported on when and where they are happening. Journalists must be able to operate in the field, reaching the scene quickly when something happens, in order to meet the information needs of the population, and to limit the space for rumours \u2013 in the absence of factual, verified and reliable information, rumours quickly <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">fill the void<\/i><\/b><\/span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">PROPORTION:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> An on-the-ground approach to journalism helps ensure that news coverage<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">addresses the real concerns of audiences<\/i><\/b> and treats issues in a way that is proportionate to people\u2019s priorities and everyday realities, thus <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">avoiding the imposition of outside agendas<\/i><\/b>. Misinformation must also be treated with a sense of proportion: placing too much emphasis on false rumours can contribute to their spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CLARITY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> It is critical to acknowledge the distinction between what is fact and what is opinion. This is what enables a news organisation to retain credibility in the eyes of the public. The role of a journalist is not to share their personal views, but to deal with facts and explain them as objectively and clearly as possible. Opinions of interlocutors should be presented as such. <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">The blurring of lines between, on the one hand, factuality<\/b> (whose sole purpose is to reflect reality as closely as possible by presenting facts) <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">and on the other hand, campaigning, public relations or messaging <\/b>(whose aim is to persuade) <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">is also counterproductive<\/b> to efforts to combat disinformation. Media who merge fact-based content with messaging campaigns (institutional, health, commercial, political&#8230;), without making a clear distinction between the two, risk undermining trust in their journalistic content.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CONDITIONS:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> The act of identifying and effectively communicating facts is not a simple task, <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">it is a profession &#8211; that of a journalist<\/i><\/b>. This a profession that must be learned. It requires <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">training, technical and financial resources, and time<\/i><\/b>. Journalists who are poorly trained or poorly paid are more likely to deliver a poor handling and reporting of the facts. Such journalists can then become vectors of mis- or disinformation themselves, and lose the public&#8217;s trust, at the risk that audiences no longer distinguish between providers of information and providers of disinformation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">To ensure that factual information processed by journalists reaches the public, the public must have <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">access to credible and professional news media<\/i><\/b>. This access must be easy and must be <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">free or low cost<\/i><\/b>, in order to reach the greatest number of people, especially the poorest. Traditional media, such as radio, thus remain effective vectors, alongside or in combination with online and social media broadcasting. These media must have the technical, human and financial means to ensure the production and dissemination of their information.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-hyphenate: auto; background: #9FB4AA; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #9FB4AA 3.0pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; margin: 10.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;\">\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR-CH;\">BUILDING TRUST<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">PROXIMITY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> Trust is built on <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">relationships of proximity<\/i><\/b>. This is not just about geographical proximity, it is also about speaking to people in their own languages, about addressing issues that concern them directly in a way that is easily understandable to them, via accessible media and in formats that speak to them and engage them. Those media that are close to their audience can serve as <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">catalysts for social empathy<\/i><\/b>, countering the effects of divisive discourses, &#8216;echo chambers&#8217; and disinformation bubbles that isolate rather than unite people.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">INCLUSIVITY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> Those media that offer <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inclusive and balanced dialogue programmes<\/i><\/b>, bringing together different fields of opinion and components of the society that they address, are more likely to be trusted, because each and every person feels that their voice and needs are being heard and taken into account.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">SINCERITY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> Trust requires <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">sincerity<\/i><\/b>: not hiding the things that are wrong, not minimising problems (nor giving them undue importance), daring to take on even the most sensitive subjects, in order to provide an honest treatment of the facts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">TRANSPARENCY:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> For the public to embrace fact-based content, the media supplying it must be perceived as <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">credible and impartial<\/i><\/b>. There is no such thing as absolute impartiality or objectivity. It is a question of striving for this with honesty, by <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">telling the public in a clear and transparent way who we are<\/i><\/b>: who owns the media, who finances it, what its editorial line is; and for journalists to explain how they work, who they are, how they process information, and how they strive to remain impartial. <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">See, for example, the normative work of the <\/i><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jti-rsf.org\/fileadmin\/Redaktion\/documents\/CWA17493.pdf\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Journalism Trust Initiative<\/span><\/i><\/a><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[4]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u><\/u><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">LISTENING:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> In order to build trust with audiences, media organisations need <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">to listen to them<\/i><\/b>: they must consult audiences to understand their needs, priorities, expectations and opinions on their programmes, in order to be able to serve them better. The creation of processes to monitor discussions and discourse online and offline is required to better understand audiences and the disinformation they are confronted with. To do this, media must <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">partner with researchers and experts<\/i><\/b> who can help them develop <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">new monitoring tools<\/i><\/b> to identify the vectors and subjects of disinformation. <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Read for example the <\/i><\/span><a href=\"pdfviewer\/?lang=fr&amp;id=316\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">study on the sources and circulation of information in North Kivu, DRC<\/span><\/i><\/a><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn5;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[5]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">, conducted in 2019 by a consortium composed of Fondation Hirondelle, the British think-tank DEMOS, the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and the Congolese Institute for Research and Development and Strategic Studies.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CONDITIONS:<\/span><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> Education about <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">the way information is processed, shared and consumed<\/i><\/b> <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">(referred to as &#8220;media literacy&#8221;)<\/i><\/b> is also required to help re-establish trust between the media and the public. This does not entail journalists preaching or justifying themselves, but rather giving people the tools to question how and from where they get their information, so that we can all take a step back from our cognitive biases, from the tricks our brains play on us. In order to be credible and to be heard, journalists themselves must know how to question themselves, and sometimes they must share their own doubts &#8211; and even their mistakes &#8211; with the public. Media literacy programmes can be produced and broadcast by the media themselves and\/or in partnerships with universities, researchers and other civil society actors. <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">See for example <\/i><\/span><a href=\"en\/masterclasses\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">our series of video masterclasses<\/span><\/i><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> in journalism<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Commentaire1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-hyphenate: auto; background: #5A3C50; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #5A3C50 3.0pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; margin: 10.0pt 0cm .0001pt 0cm;\">\u00a0<b><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: white; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-language: FR-CH;\">THE CHALLENGES<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In the global battle for our attention, &#8220;fake news&#8221;, rumours, divisive messages, and entertaining and banal videos (disinformation often looks entertaining) have <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">a considerable cognitive advantage over factual information<\/i><\/b>, and we must use our ability to reason, think and question. A major challenge for news media worldwide is <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">to capture the public&#8217;s attention<\/i><\/b>, competing with the &#8216;candy&#8217; of simplistic, rewarding, amusing or shocking content that floods our news feeds and web pages<\/span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn6;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Rumours have always existed, and they also circulate &#8220;offline&#8221;, by word of mouth. But the mass of disinformation on social media can cause even greater damage, as it often appears very convincing thanks to <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">the sophisticated means technology employed<\/i><\/b>: Deep-fake videos, highly-convincing fake press releases, conspiracy-theory-based documentaries produced with resources equivalent to those of mainstream television channels&#8230; It is sometimes difficult to distinguish &#8220;fake news&#8221; from real information.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This battle for the public&#8217;s attention also has <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">a financial dimension<\/i><\/b>. The economic model of social media is based on content that is likely to generate a maximum number of &#8220;clicks&#8221; and easily capture our attention. Gratifying content that traps us in information bubbles (&#8220;echo chambers&#8221;), and divisive content that makes us react, have a competitive advantage and circulate more widely. Moreover, these digital platforms (such as Google and Facebook) are absorbing advertising revenues, thus depriving the news media of vital sources of income. This is occurring when the business models of news media have already long been in crisis. Economically fragile media, with fewer journalists and less capacity to process information, are less able to respond to disinformation and are more vulnerable to partial interests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">monitoring of disinformation<\/i><\/b> is hindered by the reluctance of social network platforms and owners to reveal the workings of their successful algorithms. This monitoring is even more difficult on popular mobile messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, where the spread of disinformation is massive but very difficult to identify at the time, including for ethical reasons of access to private groups (a textbook example of this flood of false information on messaging apps occurred in Brazil during the election of Jair Bolsonaro, and also more recently during numerous elections in Africa, such as in Niger or the Central African Republic at the end of 2020).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">There are <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">many actors involved<\/i><\/b> in the spread of mis- and disinformation: governments, political parties, companies, religious groups, armed groups, associations, media, bloggers, singers, actors, celebrities and ordinary citizens. This is why media literacy efforts should be aimed at all categories of the population, and not only, for example, at young people (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/5\/1\/eaau4586\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">a study carried out on the 2016 American election campaign<\/span><\/i><\/a><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn7;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><u><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; color: navy;\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><u><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; color: navy; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[7]<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/u><\/i><\/span><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> showed that people over 65 years old had shared much more false information than young people under 30<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\">\n<div style=\"mso-element: para-border-div; border: solid #5A3C50 3.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background: #5A3C50;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: white; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR-CH;\">RECOMMENDATIONS<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">\u00a0To governments and development aid donors<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Avoid confusing strategic communication efforts<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> (which may be legitimate, and even in the public interest, for example in the context of the fight against the pandemic) <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">with support for news media<\/b>. Blurring these lines risks damaging the media\u2019s credibility, undermining audience trust, and thus the impact of the information that media share<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Support local news media<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">, to avoid a &#8216;vacuum&#8217; of reliable information for the populations that need it most, in environments where access to information is not a given for the majority<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Support the training of journalists<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> so that they are able to provide quality work that ensures greater credibility of information and the ability to debunk rumours<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Support media literacy programmes<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">, so that citizens are equipped with the tools and critical reflexes on the information they receive, are aware of their own cognitive biases and how these can be exploited by (dis)information outlets, and are able to distinguish between information and disinformation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Support research programmes and monitoring efforts<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> on disinformation and the role of public service media<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Support local institutions to adopt regulatory frameworks<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> that respect media independence and promote access to public information<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">\u00a0To policy makers and institutions<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Do not disseminate incorrect or approximate information<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">, as this damages the credibility of your institution and those who relay your official message<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Do not confuse<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> the dissemination of public service messages with the promotion of your policies<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Do not confuse public service media with state media<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Respect the independence<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> of the media, both public and private<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Ensure the adoption\/evolution of regulatory frameworks<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> that respect the independence of the media and promote their access to public information<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Ensure access<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"> <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">and rapid response<\/b> to journalists so that they can carry out their work and respond quickly to legitimate public concerns<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Avoid categorising verified information as &#8220;false&#8221;<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">; avoid discrediting the work of journalists and news medi<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">To media owners:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\">Do not disseminate incorrect\/approximate information<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\">, it damages the credibility of your media and those who relay your content<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\">Respect the independence of your editorial teams<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\">Ensure decent working conditions<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"> for your journalists<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Provide regular training<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> for your journalists<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">To co<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">mpanies and web and social media organisations:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><strong>W<span lang=\"EN-GB\">ork with media and researchers<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> on disinformation<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"> monitoring programmes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\">Modify your algorithms<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"> to promote verified informative content, and to decrease the circulation of &#8220;fake news&#8221; and disinformation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\">Agree to a fairer sharing of advertising revenues<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Myriad Pro',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Myriad Pro';\"> with the media for the dissemination of their information<\/span> <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml>\n <o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\n  <o:AllowPNG\/>\n <\/o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\n<\/xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml>\n <w:WordDocument>\n  <w:View>Normal<\/w:View>\n  <w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom>\n  <w:TrackMoves\/>\n  <w:TrackFormatting\/>\n  <w:HyphenationZone>21<\/w:HyphenationZone>\n  <w:PunctuationKerning\/>\n  <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\/>\n  <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>\n  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Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 7\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 8\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 9\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Normal Indent\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"footnote text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"annotation text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"header\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"footer\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"index heading\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"35\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"caption\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"table of figures\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"envelope address\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"envelope return\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"footnote reference\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"annotation reference\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"line number\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"page number\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"endnote reference\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"endnote text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"table of authorities\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"macro\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"toa heading\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Bullet\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Number\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Bullet 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Bullet 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Bullet 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Bullet 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List 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Indent\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Continue\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Continue 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Continue 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Continue 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Continue 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Message Header\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"11\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtitle\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Salutation\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Date\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Body Text First Indent\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Body Text First Indent 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Note Heading\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Body Text 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Body Text 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Body Text Indent 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Body Text Indent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Block Text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Hyperlink\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"FollowedHyperlink\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"22\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Strong\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"20\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Emphasis\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Document Map\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Plain Text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"E-mail Signature\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Top of Form\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Bottom of Form\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Normal (Web)\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Acronym\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Address\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Cite\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Code\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Definition\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Keyboard\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Preformatted\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Sample\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"HTML Typewriter\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException 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Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Simple 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Classic 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Classic 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Classic 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Classic 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Colorful 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Colorful 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Colorful 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Columns 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Columns 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Columns 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Columns 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Columns 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 7\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Grid 8\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 7\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table List 8\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table 3D effects 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table 3D effects 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table 3D effects 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Contemporary\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Elegant\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Professional\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Subtle 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Subtle 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Web 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Web 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Web 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Balloon Text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" Name=\"Table Grid\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Table Theme\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Placeholder Text\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"1\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"No Spacing\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Revision\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"34\" QFormat=\"true\"\n   Name=\"List Paragraph\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"29\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Quote\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"30\" QFormat=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Intense Quote\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException 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Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" 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Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"19\" QFormat=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Subtle Emphasis\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"21\" QFormat=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Intense Emphasis\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"31\" QFormat=\"true\"\n   Name=\"Subtle 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<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"51\"\n   Name=\"List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"52\"\n   Name=\"List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"46\"\n   Name=\"List Table 1 Light Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"47\" Name=\"List Table 2 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"48\" Name=\"List Table 3 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"49\" Name=\"List Table 4 Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"50\" Name=\"List Table 5 Dark Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"51\"\n   Name=\"List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"52\"\n   Name=\"List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6\"\/>\n <\/w:LatentStyles>\n<\/xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]>\n\n\n<style>\n \/* Style Definitions *\/\n table.MsoNormalTable\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Tableau 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href=\"pdfviewer\/?lang=fr&amp;id=437\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/pdfviewer\/?lang=fr&amp;id=437<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn2\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"en\/masterclasses-the-basics\/1283-guillaume-daudin-the-handling-of-sources\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/masterclasses-the-basics\/1283-guillaume-daudin-the-handling-of-sources<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn3\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">This lack of information, which encourages the spread of rumours, is all the more dangerous and damaging in fragile and conflictual contexts. Read Marie-Soleil Fr\u00e8re &amp; Anke Fiedler :\u00a0<\/span><\/span><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: CIDFont+F3; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Balancing Plausible Lies and False Truths, Perception and evaluation of the local and Global News, Coverage of Conflicts in the DRC<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: CIDFont+F1; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">, in Romy Fr\u00f6hlich, (Ed.), <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: CIDFont+F3; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Media in war and armed conflict: The dynamics of conflict news production and dissemination <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: CIDFont+F1; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">(2018) London, New York: Routledge. <\/span><span class=\"publin\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">pp. 271-284<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn4\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/jti-rsf.org\/fileadmin\/Redaktion\/documents\/CWA17493.pdf\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">https:\/\/jti-rsf.org\/fileadmin\/Redaktion\/documents\/CWA17493.pdf<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> ; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jti-rsf.org\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">https:\/\/jti-rsf.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn5\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn5;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"pdfviewer\/?lang=fr&amp;id=316\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-US;\">https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/pdfviewer\/?lang=fr&amp;id=316<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn6\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn6;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Cf. G\u00e9rald Bronner, \u00ab\u00a0Apocalypse cognitive\u00a0\u00bb, Presses universitaires de France, 2021<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn7\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn7;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[7]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/5\/1\/eaau4586\">https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/5\/1\/eaau4586<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"pdfviewer\/?lang=en&amp;id=441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Download here the full version of our note: &#8220;Sticking to the facts, building trust: our cure for disinformation&#8221;.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We have just celebrated World Press Freedom Day on Monday 3 May. The theme chosen by UNESCO this year was &#8220;information as a public good&#8221;. The vital and public interest role of access to quality information has been at the heart of Fondation Hirondelle&#8217;s work for over 25 years. It is this experience that we [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4705,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[196],"tags":[239,245,309],"class_list":["post-1461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-our-news","tag-how-we-work-information-dialogue","tag-research-learning","tag-expertise-media-ecosystems"],"acf":[],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-04-22 09:41:44","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1461"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1461\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4705"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1461"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1461"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hirondelle.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}